Surprisal Value

The surprisal value (Greenland 2019) is the pvalue expressed in terms of how many consecutive heads would have to be thrown on a fair coin in a single attempt to achieve the same probability: \(-\log_2(p)\), where \(p\) is the p-value of interest.

Usage

svalue(x, side = "both", threshold = 0, na_rm = FALSE)

Arguments

x

A numeric object of MCMC values.

side

A character indicating whether to calculate s-values using p-values for the left tail ("left"), right tail ("right"), or both tails ("both"; default).

threshold

A number of the threshold value.

na_rm

A flag specifying whether to remove missing values.

Value

A non-negative number. If x has NA values but na_rm is FALSE, returns NA_real.

References

Greenland, S. 2019. Valid P-Values Behave Exactly as They Should: Some Misleading Criticisms of P-Values and Their Resolution With S -Values. The American Statistician 73(sup1): 106–114. doi:10.1080/00031305.2018.1529625 .

See also

Other summary: direction(), directional_information(), kurtosis(), lower(), probability_direction(), pvalue(), pzeros(), skewness(), upper(), variance(), xtr_mean(), xtr_median(), xtr_sd(), zeros(), zscore()

Examples

svalue(as.numeric(0:100))
#> [1] 6.658211
svalue(as.numeric(0:100), side = "left")
#> [1] 6.658211
svalue(as.numeric(0:100), side = "right")
#> [1] 0
svalue(rnorm(1e4, mean = 1), side = "left")
#> [1] 2.653809
svalue(rnorm(1e4, mean = 1), side = "right")
#> [1] 0.240418